Original clinical investigation

Influenza infection and risk of acute pulmonary embolism

Matthijs van Wissen^1,2 , Tymen T Keller¹ , Brechje Ronkes¹ , Victor EA Gerdes^1,2 , Hans L Zaaijer³ , Eric CM van Gorp² , Dees PM Brandjes² , Marcel Levi¹ and Harry R Büller¹

¹Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

²Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

³Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

author email corresponding author email

Thrombosis Journal 2007, 5:16doi:10.1186/1477-9560-5-16

Published:	16 October 2007

Abstract

Background

Influenza infections have been associated with procoagulant changes. Whether influenza infections lead to an increased risk of pulmonary embolism remains to be established.

Methods

We conducted a nested case control study in a large cohort of patients with a clinical suspicion of having pulmonary embolism. Blood samples were collected to investigate the presence of influenza A and B by complement fixation assay (CFA). We compared case patients, in whom pulmonary embolism was proven (n = 102), to controls, in whom pulmonary embolism was excluded (n = 395). Furthermore, we compared symptoms of influenza-like illness in both patient groups 2 weeks prior to inclusion in the study, using the influenza-like illness (ILI) score, which is based on a questionnaire. We calculated the risk of pulmonary embolism associated with influenza infection.

Results

The percentage of patients with influenza A was higher in the control group compared to the case group (4.3% versus 1.0%, respectively, odds ratio 0.22; 95% CI: 0.03–1.72). Influenza B was not detectable in any of the cases and was found in 3 of the 395 controls (0.8%). The ILI score was positive in 24% of the cases and 25% in the control persons (odds ratio 1.16, 95% CI: 0.67–2.01). We did not observe an association between the ILI score and proven influenza infection.

Conclusion

In this clinical study, influenza infection was not associated with an increased risk of acute pulmonary embolism. The ILI score is non-specific in this clinical setting.